Farfel Research Notebooks

creams contained pallitory, + it was believed to "comfort the body"

Type 120: German text type, used from 1482 to 1488. At the onset this type possesses only a single form of each majuscule but by Oct 1482, alternative forms of A Q I M S Z have been added.

Gart der Gesundheit Augsberg, J. Schonaburger, 15 Dec 1488. BMC II p 366. 262 leaces, the last blank 2 col. 42 lines 204x130mm Types: 140 title + headings 96 text. [a]4; a-v wx-z A-D8 E6 F8 GH6 I8 Type 140: Title type, in use in 1488-9, perhaps passed on to Schobsser in the latter year. 96: German text type, used from 1485 to 1493. Variants fewer at first, but later several forms of A C D E M N O S W are found as well as Lombard capitals of a different font. (C smoeth)

Type 105 - German text type used from 1495 onwards, in conjunction with 150. Indistinguishable from Schaun (2nd press) 104 + Zeissenmain 105 except to the dentated C with upper serif overhanging used by Schonsperger. 150 - title type, had superseded the preceding type (140) by 1491 + remained in continuous use. - After the 1487 ed. the paper was thinner + of poorer quality.

Nissen - The figures have been copied in fall size (from Schoffer), some of them right sided the majority reversed, many of them subsequently shortened. 1486-1502 - a ed. by Schonoberger.

133 May '82 Mein wil am see Dr Eichenberger 85 SF = $44.04

Etymologicum Magnum Graccum (Ed. Marcus Musurus) Venice: Zacherias Callierges for Nicolaus Blastus + Anna Notaros. 8 July 1499. F" Ref: HC 6691 BMC V 580 GW9426 Goff E112 Eseling 1184. Cop: Stan UL, HEHL. PML Pell 4629 folio p 100 NB 409x279mm 224 leaves, 2 col. 50-51 lines, 302x183(187)mm. Type:121 Gk. Red printed woodcut capitals + borders, headings and initial capitals of paragraphs (set out). The poem of Muscures on 1a which deals with the technicalities oof type casting is dicussed at length in Proctors Printing of Greek in the 15th C. opp121-4 23 woodcut head-pieces Cursive text type, delicate + regular, small face with accents, breahings, ligature + contractions. The capitals are in the Byzantine style + one tall + thin.

(ca. 1473-1524) Zacharias Callierges from Rethymno. for Nicolaus Blastus - this press produced in 1499+1500, 4 Greek books beginning with the Etymologicum. - a fomidable rival of Aldus - a Creator of aristocratic connetions, all of whose work in the 15th C was done on commission for a wealthy fellow contryman, the book seller N. Blastus. Like Aldus the partners had devoted 5 yrs. to perfecting their Greek type before putting it into practical use in the Etymologicum - very fine Greek Type, in one piece with its accents, + setting the found quite apart from all those cast on the Aldine principle with separate accuntuation. Unfortunately some mischance, most probably the death of his patron put a stop to the activities of Callierges just before the close of the century + he does not appear in the history of printing until 1509 at Venice + at Rome in 1515-23. The press of Callierges was the last of any consequence to be established in Venice before the close of the century.

Although the earliest standard Greek Types to be introduced did not make their appearance until 1495, the 1st attempts to represent Greek characters with moveable tykpes go back 30 years earlier, occurring in the year 1465 both in Germany + in Italy. (P. Schoeffer, C. Sweyndeym + A. Pamnartz) For a decade after 1463 Greek printing was confined to types of subsidiary class, no continuous Greek text being attempted. Germany drops out of the running altogether + Italian printers have the field practically to themselves, continuing in this position for 2 generations + more, (Rome + Venice) The 1st preparations for the production of continuous Greek texts date from round about the year 1475. They were inspired by the activities of the numerous band of Greek literati, chiefly among them Demetrius Chalcondylas, Constantine + John Lascaius + Marcus Musurus, who were teaching in Italy on the crest of a wave of Hellinic entusiasm. The Greek fonts (4) intoduced successively by Aldus are in descending order of size. Z. Callieger - whose Type is an upright, evenly cut cursive with letter + accent cast in one piece from specifically contrived matrius - Trespass on the Aldine privilege being thus avoided on both counts. As a cursive, it is immensely superior to the 2nd Aldine, with which it approximately ranges. -was the last + in many respects the most eminent of the Greek printers in the 15th C. His work falls into 3 very distinct periods. His great period which lasted only 2 yrs 1498+1500 was due to teh enterprise + good taste of his fellow countrymen N. Blastos.

Z . Callierges - as a printer of Greek , his achievements are 2nd only to Aldus M. As an engraver of Greek type he was in a class by himself. - woodcut headpieces (3 woodblocks in 12, 10 & 1 impressions) one to each section (23) except 10 line & 5 line woodcut initials. The largest of the existing medieval Greek dictionaries & a typical example of the scholarship of the medieval Byzantines . Kallierges's first production. Editor . printer & publisher were Cretans & the Etymologicum was an all Greek enterprise . Stanford A , B, C , A , E - begins folio 80 - 109 , Z , etc. A P X H T O Y E C T O I X E O Y my leaf is folio 100. N(?) , NB , Nr , N(?) of 8. - "on the artistic aspect of these books (4 by Kallierges) all writers are agreed that for the splendour of their ornamentation & the beauty of their press work , they stand, in the very forefront of all books yet printed." - 1st production from the 1st press of Zacharias Kallierges The editor , printer & publisher were all natives of Grete. The work begins - a poem & preface by Musurus, the latter describing the gestatory period & production of the type.

134 May '82 Bienwiliam See Dr Eichenberger 45SF=$23.32

Psalterium [Wuzburg: Georg Reyser (1479-1503) undated about 1490 1485-6] Bruno, Episcopus. Herbipolensis, ed. (293x220mm)fo Ref: HC 411 BMCII 571 Goff P. 1046 Pell 3034 Cop: HEHL, PML, LC. 25 lines large type Pa CVII 279-280 leaves, 2 col. 50 lines of small type. 224x152 mm Types: 180a (here measuring 182) Text of psalms; 112a, headings + collects in the commentary; 90, commentary. A few spaces left for important capitals, smaller capitals + versal letters printed in red. See Haebler Plate 110 S. Bruno - Bishop Wuzburg. (d. 1045) Georg Reyser - Wuzberg. w. about 1479-after 1510. Michael Reysen - Eichstatt. w. about 1484-94. Herbipolae Haebler German plates #111 The brothers G+M Reysen may almost be considered as the official printers of the Bishops of Wuerzburg + Eichstatt. The 2 brothers learned the art of printing at Strassburg. Besides thier official books for the Bishops, the 2 printers brough out but little of importance. In the printing of liturgical books the work they accomplished is remarkable indeed, both in its quality + in quantity.* Their Antiphonarium is the most considerable piece of music printing of the Incumabula period + their Musicals + Brevieries can compete with those of all other printers. -From 1479 G. Reysen was printing in Wuzburg, at 1st with partners, then alone. He printed almost solely lithurgical works + those published before 1491 had copper engravings *The spiscopal letters prefixed to the liturgical books printed by the 2 brothers show how very closely they were connected with their high employers. -Of the manuscript produced in the 13th C, psalterm took 2nd place only to complete Biblem. From 1493 he used moderate which Wolgamutt designed + which Were cut in Nuremberg. (July) St. Kilian - patron saint - diocase of Wurzburg.

- After the Koran , The Thousand Nights & a Night, & the fables of Bidpar , the most popular book in Islam was The Magamat ( Discourses ) of Abu Muhammad al - Hariri ( 1054 - 1122 ) of Basra. - The labors of The Herbalist gave birth to medicine on the one hand & to scientific botany on the other. - It is usual to regard the publication of Linnacus' Systema Naturue (1735) as marking the end of the age of the Herbalists & the beginning of modern botany. - Throughout the Middle Ages , an herb & kitchen garden - often including ornamentals also - was an expected feature of every monastery. p. 329 Durant - Botany, almost forgotten since Theophrastus , revived - the Moslams of this age. Al-Idrisi wrote a herbal , but stressed the botanical rather than merely the medicinal interest of 360 plants . Abu'l Abbas of Seville (1216) earned the surname of al-Nabati , The Botanist , by his studies of plant life from The Atlantic to the Red Sea . Abu Muhammad ibn Baitar of Malaga (1190 - 1248) gathered all Islamic botany into a vast work of extraordinary erudition which remained the standard botanical authority till the 16th C , & marked him as the greatest botanist & pharmacist of the Middle Ages. - There are 2 types of seals preserved from the cultures of the ancient Near East. 1) stamps used from the 6th C BC on & 2) cylinders which became popular in Mesopotamia during the late 4th C. B.C.

Ancient Canons of the Universal Church General Council of Nicaea 325AD 20 Canons " " Constantinople 381 7 " " Ephesus 431 8 " " Chalcedon 451 30 Procincal Council of Ancyra 314 25 " " Neocaesarea >314 15 " " Gangra with 340 21 " " Antioch 341 25 " " Laodicea with 365 60

Printing order Mind of Man Ptolomy - in his Geography he showed the earth to be a perfect sphere with land + water intermingled, gave a table #103 of longitude + latitude of 8,000 places in the world + first made technical use of the terms parallel + meridian. His mistaken estimate of the extent of the Asiatic Continent induced Columbus to tracel westwards. Dante + Milton both organized their works round his cosmic system; it occurs frequently in Chaucer.

-By 1500 Europe possessed an estimated 9 million books, compared with fewer than 100,000 hand wrought manuscripts some 50 years before. No other invention has so thoroughly or so rapidly - revolutionized intellectual life + society.

The 1st letters of the Greek words "Jesus Christ, God's Son, Saviour" spell "fish" Thus, the fish was an early symbol for Christ.

The vision of Ezikiel 1:5,10 out of the midst thereof came the likeness of 4 living creatures - as for the likeness of their faces, they had the face of man - the face of a lion - the face of an eagle - the face of an ox "was interrupted as referring to the 4 evangelists

-The Benedictine Rule, because of its balance between prayer work + study, provided very suitable conditions for the pursuit of learning. The Cluniacs were too occupied with lithurgical duties + the Cistercians with manual work, to be able to devote much time to study + thus produced only a comparatively small number of writters + thinkers of distinction. -An average copyist would produce 3-6 folios a day + that to copy the bible one whole year was required. -Clumsy had in the 12th C about 500 books, Reicheman about 1000, Christ church at Canterbury 600.

Schools of Carelingian illumination 1) Pulatine or Aix - earliest, flourished during Charlemagne's reign Byzantine in style 2) Ada group - based in Trier, made for royal patrons, used lavish materials 3) Tours - under Aleuin, mingles Irish geomechic designs with the animal forms popular among Merovinngian illuminations 3) Reimz school - Utrent psalter, the drawing is lively + naturalistic 13th C Gothic illumination - growth of border ornament + particularlu of marginal scenes. Humans, binds + animals which before were entangled in the Romanesque interwoven space of the initial scroll, gradually freed themselves + escaped into the borders. In this way much of the imaginative fantasy + curiosity which in the Romanesque period had gone into the initials, wa now channelled into the border ornament - the evolution of a hierachy of decoration - the decorated borders began to form a transition from the painted miniature to the printed, gilded initial, + the further transition to the text written in black or brown ink was effected by the penwork initials with their filigree ornament usually executed in red + blue. The penwork may sometimes have been executed by the scribes but there were also specialists for this work such as Jacquet Maci in Paris. These penwork initials developed out of the -

to the Middle Ages art was didactic; writes Male. 'All that it was necessary that men should know - the history of the world from creation, the dofmas of religion, the examples of the saints, the hurarchy of the virtues, the range of the sciences, arts + crafts - all these were taught them by the windows of the church, or by the status in the porch ... Through the medium of art the highest conceptions of theologian + scholar penetrated to some catent the minds of men the humblest of the people.

P. 191 Pantim The starting point of the manuals of instruction is the legislation of the Lateran Council of 1215 + particularly the degree Omnis 274.2 P.197 Stanford utriusque sexus, making annual confession to the Parishpriest + annual communion at Easter obligatory or all Christians. Pafes 195-217 14th C manuals for parish priests 1) Ucules sacerdotis - William of Pagula - Vicar of Winkfield, near Windsor in 1314 other works - Summa summarum, Speculum prelatorum + S. religiosorum 2) Cilium Oculi - ? date + author 30 Speculum Curatorum - ascribed to Ranulph Higden monk of Chester, the author of the Poly chronicon, who died in 1364. 4) Regimen Animarum - 1343. 5) Memoriale Presbiterorum - 1344. 6) Archbishop Thoresby's 'Instructions' of York (1352-73) 7) Pupilla Oculi - John de Bergo - Chancellor, Cambridge 1385, 8) Works of John Mink with 1400. secondary, arabisque initials of Romanesque manuscripts. Contemporaries Knew them as literae florissae is flourished letters or letters fleuronus Initials at all times also had a function as a signpost to the reader, signaling divisions of the text.

Ancient manuscripts were venerated as relics + so book shrines or "cumdachs" were developed to enhance + protect them. They are indigenous only to Ireland or to places under Irish missionary influence. The Book of Kells 750-825 The Book of Dimma 750-800 The Book of Armach 807 The Book of Durrow 660-680 Stowe Missal 712-815 Christianity brought literacy + Latin to Ireland + the Irish scribes created inventive profoundly influential books. Although they preserved the Irish copies they devoted their greatest artistic efforts to Latin Christian writings. Lindisfarme Gospels (698) Insular majuscule hand - Northumbria block books - a total of 100 editions of about 40 different works are known - Biblia Paraperum - known in 10 editions. 31 line Indulgence 1454 ? priter sometype headings as 421. Bible 30 lines Indulgence same Types as 361. Bible earliest piece of Western (?) printing from moveable type. 421. Bible about 1455 - Gatenberg 48 copies - 36 paper, 12 velum - 21 perfect 361. Bible 1458-9 - ? printer Bamberg Fust + Scheoffer 1457 "Psalter - earliest book which gives date + priters name - 10 copies kown - all on vellum 1460 Catholicon - 8 on vellum 1462 Fust + Schoeffer Bible in Latin 48 lines

British Museum - The Pentateach (on vellum) - one of the oldest known Hebrew Bible codices in existance - 10th C. Caedmon - who 1st among the English made Verses.