Farfel Research Notebooks

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Farfel Notebook 02: Leaves 065-134

farfel_n02_145_122
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farfel_n02_145_122

122 April '86 Calif Book Auction Gulevies San Fansicsco $65.00

134 copies to the leaf, of an ed. of 450 copies. San Franscisco: Wofay, 1977. Early Editions of Euclid's Elements. Charles Thomas - Stanford. San Franscisco 1977 to an original leaf from the Ratdold 1482 ed. of Euclid's Elemnets (1981) $13,500 -Liber V proposition 27-31 a10b-^8. Euclides, fl. c. 300 B.C., Greek mathematician Elementa geometria (LiberI-XIII XV) Venice: Enhand Ratdolt, 25 May 1482 F.0 Goff E113 HC 6693 BMC V p. 285 GW 9428. Horblit, Grolier 100 Science- 27. Cop Stan UL. San Franscisco Public Lib. (207x310) [to notes by Compenus Nouveriens in] Easling 282. 1381., the 1st blamk. (45) 445. +headlines, without marginalia 202(211)x118mm Types:155G heading on Ib; 92G, preface, definitions, enunciations; 91 G remainder of text; 100R headlines (book numbers); 56(75)G letterings of diagnoses. Capital spaces on 2a, capitals(2, 5, 6b) elsewhere The 1st in which Euclid appeared in print + also the earliest book in which a continuous series of geometrical illustrations were published. The enormous labor attending such a task is dwelt upon by Ratdolt in his dedication to the Doge Mocenigo -A specimen of similar initials had appeared 5 yrs before from the same printer in the Appian of 1477. -Geometrical figures executed in metal. -Earlier books best printed. Printing + Mind of Man #25. from Greek ro Arabic into Latin -Translated by Adelard of Bath, ca. 1110-1142; edited by Campunus of Novara (Lombards) ca. 1260-1292. There are in all, upwards of 420 wood engrabings, excluding about 200 which may be formed from lead lines -Dedication - to the Doge of Venice, John Mocenico (1478-85) -Ratdolt was the 1st printer to employ several coloured inks simultaneously, if we exclude the doubtful versal letters of the 1457 Psalter of Fust + Scheoffer. -Two different sizes of Gothic type, both of them considerably larger than that used for the "Fasciculus" are employed -Initials (Set 5) there are used 10 forms of S. -Ratdolt worked at Venice in 1476-86 + thereafter at Augsburg

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farfel_n02_148_123
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123 Stanford Book Fair Sept. '81 J.S Edgen (Cormel) $40.00

Format: 6 columns of 17 characters Border: Single 25.5x11.3cm 30 columns to the sheet [Sung Printing] Fo-Shuo Fo-Mu Ch'U Sheng San-Fa- Ts'ang Po-Jo Po-Lo-Mi-To Ching Chuan (chapter) Ch. 5 Huchou (distinct) 12th C. 29x11.4cm - single page from accordian binding Ssu-ch'i Tripitaka edition(Ex Zenko-in temple, Nara, Japan.) regular script (This book was from the collection of the Zenko-in Temple in Nara Japan.) Northern 960-1126 Southern 1127-1279 In quality, the block printing of the Sung epoch (960-1280) has never been surpassed. The importance of calligraphy to the book leaves of the day is shown by the fact that in almost all Sung editions, the names of the calligrapher who prepared the copy is recorded in the colophon along with the author + printer. -high tide of chinese block printing -960-1368. -before the Tsung dynasty (618-707) all books were manuscripts, the art of printing not being in existance. -Sung era - the printing of the Buddhists, the Taoists + 2 minor religious groups - the Manicheans + Moslems went on side by side with the Confuccian + secular. of these, the Buddhist deserves printing, for it was Buddhist printing that spread to Japan + to Central Asia, + in China itself, it was the Buddhists who printed the freatest single work of which we have record - The Tripitaka (972-83). -The whole Buddhist Canon - contained both the sacred scriptures that had been translated from the Sanskrit + a smaller number that had been written independently in Chineese. This collection consisted of 50 48 volumes covering 130,000 pages. This massive work together with additions was reprinted frequently during the Sung. In the 11-13C there were 9 additional printings of the Chinese Tripitaka, the last one made in the yrs 1277-94, numbering 7182 scrolls. -folded book form- usually used for Buddhist scriptures. -development + spread of block printing in Eastern Asia during the 4 C before the art first made its appearance in Europe. works- pu chapter chuan wrappers han or chih.

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farfel_n02_149_123
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The Invention of Printing in China + its Spread Westward Thomas F. Carter 2nd ed. (1955) 094.151 C325 Stack Benden Ref Z186 C5C3 bloack printing - material used is usually pear or jujube wood - no press whatever is used in their printing - the thin paper recieves the impression with a gentle contact - the paper, being so thin + transparent is printed on one side only. (European - bookprinting on both sides of the paper with the comparatively heavy indentations made from metal types) Zang - Tripitaka - the Sanskrit name for the Buddhist canonical literature - means 3 baskets or repositories -first written down in the Pali language shortly after 43 BC in Ceylon. I. Pali Tripitaka 1)Vinaya pitaka - containing the rules (discipline 2) Sutta " - containing the parables + sermona (discoures) of Buddah (died c. 483 B.C.) The Sutters are the most beautiful + famous of Buddhist writings 3) Abhidharma pitaka - containing the doctrine (metaphysics) II. Sanskrit Tripitaka.

Diamond Sutra - earliest extant pritned book (868) - the favorite book with printers of China, Japan + Central Asia.

Sui 581-618 Tang 618-907 Five Dyasties - + Tan Kingdoms 907-979 Sung (?) 960-1279 Liao 916-1125 Western Asia 1038-1227 Kin 1115-1234 Yuan 1271-1368 Ming 1368-1644 Ching 1644-1911 Chinese Landscape Woodcuts 1968 Max Loche Art Lib. Stanford NE 1)83 L6 Sutra - thread, string of rules, aphorisms - one of the [crossed out] Buddhist [end crossed out] namative parts of the Buddhist canonical literature, especially the dialogues of the Budda.

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farfel_n02_150_123
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Treasures of the Library of Congress A 708.153 G65 (Santa Clara) The scrolls were hand copied from each other (as the medieval vellum manuscripts had been). The day of teh scroll ran from tabout the year 428 AD to 1000AD. About the year 1000 the scroll began to yeild to folded panels in much the way the Vellum rolls became the codex in the West. In the West the folded scroll became the codex, the folded page became a single sheet with writing on front + back, + the sheets became a book sewn at the spine. In the East because the brush written characters were so folded with black ink that they immediately soaked through to the back of the pages, the fold had to be retained. Thus the Chinese book continued as a single series of folded pages right up to modern times. Every "page" in a traditional Oriental volume is written on one side with either nothing or smudges on the other. Chinese printing is the story of block printing. In Europe printing is moveable Type. In Europe it was simpler to (?bup?) 26 letters + make up words as they were needed. But this would not work for Chiese because of the nature of the written words, it required at least one or 2 characters for every word + were as early as 1300 the printer had to stock over 30,000 different characters to cope with even a basic vocabulary. The result of all these complexities, was that for centuries byond the time the Europeans were setting type, the Chinese + the Japanese were still cutting single page wood blocks - but the revese was that for centuries before the Europeans began to print books at all, printed bookds were common througout the Orient. -Whereas the introduction of printing in the West expedited the reduction in the number of characters used by the scribe, in the East printing (by woodblock) allowed for a continnation of the vast number of characters still in use Today.

Bunyiu Narjio - Catalogue of Chinese Translations of the Tripitaka Oxford 1883 Ref Z7059 N18. *

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25 Jan. '82 Eichenberger Gift.

Horace Beatae Mariae Virginis (Livre d'Heures) ? Pigouchet Paris: Gillet Hardouyn (about) um 1518. - printed on vellum inl lettre batarde, 40, 22 lines 4 1/4x6 7/8 folio p. 44 Metal decorative + pietoral borders (118x175mm) Ruled. Psalm 125: Qui confident. 124 (4) (3) Benedictus Dominus Liquid-gold initials on alternate red + blue grounds. The invention of printing, wich is often claimed to have killed the art fo illumination, increased rather than decreased the vogue for Books of Hours. But it was in the form of printed editions that they achieved their widest diffusion during the 16th C. 20 lines = 95-6mm. Outer formes printed on the flesh-side, inner formes on the hair-side of the vellum sheets. -The most extensice development of the manuscript tradition of border illustration is seen in the historisted + decorated wood block borders of French Book of Hours prited at the end of the 15th + the beginning of the 16th C Since the series of illustrations for the major text divisions allowed little variation of subject matter, printers + publishers used the borders as a means of making thier work more individual, adding much new imagery, both sacred + profane.

The Herdouyn house published books of Hours from 14971538 + became known for its delicate + artful illumination.

end 1/3 third of Hours end of ad Sextam - Deus in adiutorium meum intende before Nonam (Same)

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farfel_n02_157_126
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126 Sept. '82 J.S. Edgrer, Carmel $20

(Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government) Tzu-chih t'ung-chien (Chinese history) Korean edition printed with bronze moveable types 3rd Korean font (Kabinja, cast 1434) and carved wooden types, printed c. late 16-17 century. whole folio. Format: 10 columns of 17 characters Border:double, 25.8x18.4cm. (1/2folio) Size of type face L. 1.4x1.6cm S. 1.4x0.8cm

-200,000 Types were cast for this first font of kabinga, and its attractive appearance + general popularity led to its being imitated several times during the Yi dynasty. (1392-1910) It is also known as wibuinja. -By the 16th C many of the original kabinga Types of 1434 were worn beyond use, or were otherwise missing, and it became the practice to carve temporary replacements. This mixed use of metal + wooden Types is found increasingly until their destruction of the time of Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592.

The change of dynasties (1392) resulted in a stimulus to book publishing which culminated in the 1st official bronze font being cast in 1403. These Types were called kyemija after the cyclical name, kyemi, for that year (this system of naming fonts was used througout the period). It should be borne in mind that printing with metal types was a government monopoly in the Yi dynasty + that woodblocking printing continued unabeted at the same time. Note also that most of the books were written entirely in Chinese, which served as the standard literary medium, much as Latin did in Europe at one time. In 1455, contemporary with Gutenberg's activity in Europe the Koreans cast their sixth metal font called Tuhuja. Kabinja - first of the early Types, remained in use for the longest period.

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farfel_n02_158_126
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Hervouet A. Sung Bibliography Ref Z 3102 rostm S77 p69-75 Tzu-chid t'ung chien 294 ch. (written 1067-1084) "Comprehensive Mirror of Good Gov't or to aid in government" -has the character of annals, covering the period from 403 BC until 959 AD - altogether a period of 1362 years the author listed teh events he considered worth mentioning the chronological order (eventually became the source for orthodox historiography.) Tze-chih, t'ung chien, kang mu. 59 ch., Show (?), 1 ch. (1172) "The String + Mesh of the Comprehensive Mirror or of good Gov't for the Aid of Government" by Chu Hsi* (1130-1200) This work is doubtless the most influrntial piece of historical writing in the Imperial age. The "kang my" begins from the "Tzu-chih t'ung chien". It transformed a great work of history into a textbook of political ethics. (1019-1086) Spu-Ma Kusng - A statesman who took the highest degree + rose to be a Minister of State. He resigned, however, in order to devote himself to his famous work known as the "Mirror of History" which covered a period from the 5th C. BC to the 10th C A.D. 1130-1200 Chu Hsi* The most voluminous + one of the most luminous of Chinese authors. He successfully introduced interpretations of the Confucism books, either wholly or partly at variance with those which had been put forth by the scholars of the Han dynasty + hitherto recieved as infallible thus modifying to a certain extent the prevailing standard of political + social morality. His principle was simply one oof consistency. Consequently, his are now the only authorised interpretations. Shih (Scholars) -From the beginning, the Korean Gov't appears to have preferred typographic to xylographic printing, while the Chinese continued to rely on woodblock methode B.M. 1234 - earliest recorded use of metal moveable type in Korea China 1st (ceramic movable Type 1040. [margin] Gems of Chinese Literature - Herbert A. Giles 895.108 Saratoga [end margin]

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127 Feb. '82 J.S. Edgren, Carmel $20

Shiki Shih-chi (Historical Annals - Chinese history) by Ssu-ma - 145-86BC the Herodotus of China. Ch'ien of the Han period (206BC-AD220) Japanese edition printed with wooden movable Types with 1615 1 folio. Typographic ed. Format: 8 columns of 17 characters Border: double, 23.5x18.2 cm. (-added reading marks in red) Most of the printing in Japan up to the end of the Muramachi period (1333-1573) was concerned with Buddhism + the method used was xylography. After Hideyoshi's campaign in Korea, types + printing equipment which had actively been used there entered Japan were on the model of the imported ones, but were made of wood. Many individuals + institutions supported the new printing - temples, priests, artists, + other notables. Books published duing this (c.1590-1650) period are known as ko-katsiyi editions. All genuine specimens of ko-katsiyi books are conoummate examples of Japanese book art, + were prited during the Bunnrokw (1592-1596) Keicho (1596-1615), Gunne (1615-1624), + Kan'ei (1624-1644) periods. For unknown reasons this flourishing printing activity was abruptly discontinued about 1647, + woodblock printed books became preferred again. Thus ended the age of "incunabula" in Japan

The period of moveable ytpe supremacy lasted only from 1600 to 1640, althought it was introduced earlier + continued in diminishing use until about 1650. THe advent of moveable type was probably the most significant single occurance in the development of printing up until then. The signifigance lay not so much in the techonlogy of moveable type, which ultimately proved less advantagous to the Japanese than the traditional wood block method, but in the variet of uses ro whcih it was put. By 1650,

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*moveable Type did not reach Japan before the end of the 16th C, as there was certainly frequent contact between the 2 countries before then.

almost all the major classics of Japanese literature were in print for the 1st time. Bt 1650 too, the art of book illustration for its own sake had evolved + printing had become a commercial process, bringing the note of the Buddhist monasteries in printing to a gradual end. -Movable type reached Japan from 2 independent sources almost simultaneously, one origin was Portugal (Jesuit Mission Press - 1591-1611) + the other Korea. The Korean introduction was much once signigagant + confrormed to teh traditions of East Asian cultural development. It should be mentioned that the technique of movable pritning was invented in Sung Chine (960-1279) where it was never used much + brought to Korea where it functioned alongside traditional wood block printing It is a curious fact that * -All early Kokatouji-ban were printed versions of textes both Chinese + Japanese, which had been in existance for a long time, but by 1624, with the era of commercail publishers drawing , it became common for works to be written specially for publication. Naturally between 1596+1644, there was also a considerable development in type faces. -Aside form official printing, tere were 3 other categories that relied ofn movable type: private printing canied out in Buddhist temples at the expense of a wealthy sponsor; Buddhist text printed in temples as in the 1st instance, but using moveable Type, instead of, or alongside, traditional methods; + private printing carried out on a commercial basis. The very fact tha movable type was introduced from Korea naturally gave official circler first use of it, althought Temples followed closely behind. Sau-Ma Ch'ien - Author of the 1st general History of China. The work begins with the reign of Huang Ti, the Yellow Emperor (2697 BC) + closes with teh year 104BC As a youth he had traveled widely througout the empire. He finally settled down as Gran Astrologer; but his spirited defense fo Li Ling when over thrown + captured by teh Huns, brough down upon him the wrath of the Emporer. He was subjected to punishment of mutilation, + ended his days in disgrace He reformed the calendar + determined the chronology which still distains in China.

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128 Feb. '82 J.S. Edgren, Carmel $55

Ta po-jo po-lo-mi-to ching. Ch. 81 Korean edition of Buddhist sutra. Woodblocks carved 1237 at Harinsa Temple, slightly later printing from original blocks, + folio matted. Format: 6 columns of 14 characters to the page +23 (24 5) colums to the sheet (each shut consisting of 4 pages 2 being folded 3 times.) (Scroll) Border: single, 50.5x23cm. 81= (?) -

The Second Korea Edition (1236-51) On the rt margin of each sheet were printed the title of the text, the chapter number, the sheet number, + the character from the "Thousand Character Classic" designating the number of the wrapper. In this ed. the word "shut" was rendered by the character chang (Japanese, cho, "stretch") The art consisted 1524 works 6558 chusn, divided into 628 wrappers. Sheet - Chang (?) (cho)

p. 18 - Printed on yellow paper, ying-husng chih, on paper theated with yellow dye from the from the inner bark of Phellodandron amurense -each sheet was glued to the (overlapping) preceding sheet to form a chusn or scroll edition width of sheet height of text N Sung ca 52 cm 22.4cm Korean B ca 56.8cm - Sou-ch'i 56cm ca 25cm Diamond Sutra - Ska. Mahaprajnaparamita - sutra a work in 600 chapters on the nature of projna or wisdom; one of the most important metaphysical texts of early Mahayana Buddhism

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