Farfel Notebook 05: Leaves 317-396

The Latin uss Book RbRef -114C53 (1973) Ruling - Pencil , pen or crayon replaced the styles over the course of the 12th C. Pricks - in the inner as well as outer margins of early MSS (for ruling after the bifolium was folded) almost always indicated an origin in an Irish or English scriptorium ; pricks in both margins also occur generally in books during the [crossed out]early[end crossed out] late 12th or early 13th C.

p.49 Peer to Press The essential things to notice about rulings are the basic pattern, the number of lines for a script , the color of ink if a pen was used & the measurements , not not only height or width but also between the columns & lines

Eliot Indian Bible - 1st ed. 1663 2nd ed. 1685 S. Green, Cambridge 1569 - earliest ed. of the complete Bible in Spanish Basil : T. Guarinus Leila Avrin - Scribes , Script & Books (HEHL) Z4 A97 (1991) Paper - in existance since the beginning of the Western Han dynasty (221-24) B C E Silk possibly a writing surface since the 7th C (BCE) The Arabs used new linen , old linen rags , hemp & raw flax for their paper Parchment manufacture is a variation of leather making. The essential difference is [crossed out]a variation[end crossed out] that in parchment making the skin is stretched & scraped & limed instead of being treated - tannings. from the time of the earliest codices hair hair -- matched. sides

Lectures . Nov. 18, 1992 - Susan Stephens - Stanford Roll - used by the wealthy - had slaves to read to them & to take notes. 2400 B.C. Egyptians began - papyrus. - written in side where strips are horizontal - a natural guide for writing - written left right (Gk & Romans) shetts made into rolls by overlapping Egyptians from standard size - 15 - 20 ft. rt. to left for - book of homer. Arabic rt to left Storage book box - 5 rolls of O.T. / Pentateuch.) (tag) label for rolls - Gk. (sillybos) [crossed out]Roman[end crossed out] Latin (titulus) Wood tablet - wax surface. - bound in form of a codex - 2nd C - beginning of larger notebook - codex. Codex caught on for Gk. & Roman literature in 3 & 4th C. used by Christains esp. for N.T. or Apocrypha by 5th C. - preferred form. Initially documents started - large letters but not Greek texts. to mark new verse etc. Codex = Christians illustration from 400 A.D. see - Coptic cross - interlace pattern [inerted]7th C transplanted to Europe.[end inserted] Hibernia 6th C - 20% still roll form. 4th C - parchment in scriptorium - easier to copy on a roll vs codex.

1st dated book printed at Bruges. 1st " " from Colard Mansion's press 1476, G Boccaccio , De la Ruine des Nobles hommes et femmes.

The Library - 4th Series Vol. 7 No,2 Sept. 1926

-It is the fact both that most papyrus codices contain Christian literature , & that most Christian writings are in codex form. - In the 3 & 4th C pagan MSS were in an overwhelming majority of cases , rolls , while Christian MSS were quite prdominently codices . - In the 5 & 6th C the roll was going out of use altogether, papyrus having been superseded by vellum . The codex is therefore pre eminently a Christian form of book . In the earlier period we may attribute this To the fact that the Christians were for the most part a poor & sometimes a persecuted community. They could not afford the best kinds of book production. - papyrus , 10 - 15" width -- roll , 35 ft. extreme limit of Gk, literary work -- 11 [inserted]1 each of[end inserted] the Gospels & the Acts must have formed a separate volume. - writing was normally on the side of the papyrus on which the fibers lay horiz. (recto side) - papyrus in Egypt - earliest time ( 2200 BC ) to well after the Arab conquest. Papyrus codex -{ only one column to the page { appears in the 3rd C.

Vers 40 apres J.C. - Mark vient a Alexandrie debut de L' evangelisation du [crossed out] ? [end crossed out] pays. - middle of 3rd C - The N.T. tradnit en Copte - vers 275 Antoine se retire au desert - 313 edit de Milan ila religion Christien ne est reconnue , - debut 4th C Pak home formule la 1st regle monastique - 380 edit de Theodose : le christianisine devient la religion d ' Etat.

DE 59 C 55 Vol. I 421-436 (1988) "Civilization of the Ancient Meditaraean : Greece & Rome"

- As early as 3000 BC Egyptians learned how to manufacture flat sheets from papyrus. - left sheet placed to overlap the right (roll) - pasted together - a wheat paste to which vinegar was added. front & end sheet - vertical fibers to prevent fraying. - leather rolls ( Gk. diphthera) were used throughout Asia Minor from at least 11th C. B.C. Inks 1) Carbon based ( water soluble) rub agai - Gk. palin psao our "palin psest." 2) Later on - iron - tannin compounds i.e. oak gall & iron sulfate. both types used till 7th C , but in Medieval period (2) was found to be preferable (adheres better to parchment) rolls -{ words are not divided. { an elite means of strong & carrying information. between 2 & 4 C A.D. the book roll rapidly lost ground to the codex. O.T. roll form - Jewish rather than Christian by the presence of the tetragrammaton - for the name of God JHVH(YHVH) Juhovah The Christians in Egypt adopted the codex form to distinguish Gospel material from Jewish scripture. roll - pagan learning . codex - Christian , could lead to codification - one had control of the material Glazier codex (at Morgan Lib.) ansate cross - symbol of Coptic Christian Egypt - derived from Egyptian symbol for life The ankh.

Types of MSS - liturgical , devotional , secular.

1st sketched the design in lead point next used gesso or a resin-like gum to affix gold leaf. gold applied before the rest of the design was painted - paler shades painted first :

preeperation for writing on parchment. 1) rub - pumice to raise a nap on the surface. 2) dusted - poumce (chalky powder) to make receptive to ink & colors - mercuric sulfide used for vermillon red. gathering - 4 cut sheets folded in half to form 8 leaves or sixteen pages. pen - goose quill ink - (1) gallnuts (swelling on oaks) provided or tannic acid plus iron salt (2) carbon in liquid medium ("lamp black")

Catholicon 3 impressions 1460, - 1469, - 1472-3 - defined by paper stocks - {Bull'shead { Galliziani { mixed tower & crown The oldest work of Arabic prose which regarde as a model of style is a translation from the Pahlavi (Middle Persian) of the Sanskrit work Panchatantha or The Fables of Bidpai , by Ruzbih, a new convert from Zoroastrianism who took the name Abdullah ibn al-Musqaffa.

- medieval Islamic Maghrib - "West"- meaning Spain & North Africa. vs East Islam. - the turn of the 16th C saw the rise of 4 great new Islamic empires : the Ottoman, the Safavid, the Uzbek, and the Mughal.