Farfel Research Notebooks

BX 2470 B 76 1974 West Valley The Monastic World - Christopher Brooke

Out of the early asccetic groups, scattered all over the Roman Empire devloped the movement known as "monastic". The first monks of the Egyption decent were hermits or anchorites. But from very early dayse there came to be communitus of monks living in monasteries (coenobia - common) The monastic ideal is commonly reckoned to owe its formation to St. Antony (c. 251 - 35c), + he was the first great anchorite; it is beyond a doubt that it was in the was in the descents of Egypt that monasticism was born in the early 4th C. 1 Athanasius the bishop + Theologian 2 Antony the hermit 3 Pechomius the coenobite created the tradition of orthodox monasticism the basic ideals of the desert fathers were preserved in John Cassian's Collations (c. 400) - settled in the south of Gaul Cappadocia - eastern Asia minor - St. Basil (d. 379) - Greek Orthodox monastic life St Augustine of Hippo (345-430) Africa - Confessions The 6th C saw the final separation of Greek east from Latin west 1 (with 500) - the Rule of the Master 2) (with 530) - Monte Cassino - 2nd + more famous Rules was written by Benedict of Nursia. Cassiordus - Pope Gregory the Great (590-604) "The Rule" was taken to England in the course of the 7th C to Fleny on the Loire

Irish monastic movement - Columbian who wenf from Bangor to found Luxeird in Gaul + Bobbio in Italy; his disciples spread Celtic monastic influence as far as St. Gallen. Columcille founder of Durow + Iona - St Aidan. Benedict of Aniare (d. 821) appointed by Louis the Pious, Charlemagne's successor - central figure in Western monachism - development of an ever increasing liturgy. Reidenare, Cluny (909-10), Gorze in Lorraine (c. 933) Glastonbury (940), Jumiegaz Public reading an essential part of monastic life.

If we ask the question, when was the Benadictine Order formed, then the 1st simple strict answers is: never, or not yet. The history of Benedictine communities has been the story of a long struggle to preserve the independence which was tradionally regarded as an essential mark of Benedictine monachism. 900-1050 - monastic influence rose to its peak in the political + social life of Western Europe - between 1050+1150 the numerical strencth of the monastic world increased but the place of the monks in the life of the Church + the wold did not grow in proportion. - conflict - spostolic vs angelic life 11-12th C activity vs prayer 1) The Augustinian Canons 2) The Cistercians (1097) 3( The Knights - 1118 first house of Templars found in Jerusalem 4) Abbenses + prioresses 5) St. Norbert + St. Francis - the Premonstratensiens + the Friars (12th C) (13th C)

The Augsburg printer Hans Otmar was active in that city from 1502 to 1514 after 1st having been established in Rentlingen + Tubingen. His son Silvan Otmar operated a printing press in Augsburg from 1513 to 1539. Silvan took a decided interest in printing Reformation treatise: including many of Luther's writings THe language of the Book of COmmon Prayer influenced Englishe press for 4 centuries. It also affected attitudes + ways of thinking. The 1st official prayer book of the Episcapal Church printed in 1790 was based on it.

In the Roman computalion in the month 3 days were used to count from: the 1st (Kalends), 5th (Nones) + 13 (Ides); in March, May, July, + Oct the Nones + Ides fell on th 7th + 15th of the months. The days were counted from the following Kalends, Nones, or Ides; e.g. Jan 10 was the 4th day before the Ides of Jan., or the 4th of the Ides of Jan., because the Romans counted inclusively; Jan 25 was teh 8th of the Kalends of Feb; Feb 3 was the 3rd of the Nones of Feb; + Feb 23 was the 7th of the Kalends of March. Now Feb 23 was always the 7th of the Kalends of March, in spite of intercalatione; hence a leap year, when a day was instead between Feb 23 + 24, there were 2 days conted as the 6th of the Kalends of March. The leap year is thus bissextile [Latin = twice six.)

- The calendar now most widely used in an evolution of the Roman calendar. In its most primitive form this apparently had 10 months March (31), April (29), May (31), June (29), Quintilis (31), Saxtilia (29) Sept. (29) Oct (31 Nov(29) Dec (29). To fill out the year a blank number of days or occasional intercalary months were used. Later Jan (29) + Feb (28) were added to the end of the year. - The lithurgical year consists of 2 cycles a) the feasts of Our Lord, the Sumdays + the major + minor ferias b) the feasts of the Virgin + the Saints. The 1st cycle is reckoned by the lunar year. It depends on the central feast of Easter which is not celebrated on a fixed day of the kalendar or solar year. In the liturgical books the whole cycle of these 'moveable' feasts is collected into the 'Proper of the Season' or 'Temporale'. The reckoning of the 2nd cycle is much simpler. Each feast is alebrated on a Fixed day. There are collected into the 'Proper of the Saints' or 'sanctorale'.

(ca 995-1050) Guido of Arezzo - established a staff of 4 lines, 2 of which stood out in color, yellow or green being used for the do tone + ted for the fa tone. The 4 lines + 3 spaces were sufficient for the music of his time. Our modern 5 line stavewas fully in use for nearly all kinds of music by the end of the 15th C. The modern symbols for the notes themselves evolved from the medieval neumes. Bass clef - marked the line for the note F, + its shape was that of a stylized F. Treble clef - marked the line for the note G, + its shape was that of a stylized G. six tone or hexachord scale - CDE FGA Guido's original scheme - ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la - Ut quesnt laxis Resonare fibris Mira gestarum Mira gestarum Famuli Tuorum Solve polluti Labii reatum Sancte Joannes

Later the more sonnous do was substituted for the ut + with the full fledged development of the 7 note diatonic scale, si was added Taken from the S of Sancte + the old style J (written like an I) of Joannes. In some Western countries si had become ti.

The 5 line stave was a Spanish invention.

Clefs 4 line staff C C C [?] yellow C - F F ,C [?] black ...... G [?] [?] [?] Red F - 13th 15 17 Century black ......

Aquare or quadratic notation on 4 line red staves. This notation which developed out of the early neumes, had crystallized by the 12th or 13th C. + has since become the basis of our modern notation. The neumes had no rules for measuring time, as rythm was determined by the Latin prose of teh texts.

The a in pure Gothic is made by the bottom loop in one conuter clockwise stroke completed by a clockwise stroke closing the opening

Gothic Script - Certain letter forms found in manuscripts during the Gothic period from 13-15C. -origin - round Carolingian minuscule of the late 8 + 9the C - it is rather to be looked upon thatn read - great diversity of hands - previous - all writing of books was done within monastic scriptions. - 3 branches 1) lithurgical (textus quadratus or textura

Gutenberg Bible - books of hours never found facor in Italy or Spain - rather used rotunda.

H.C. Schulz Z 239 G 72S 389 38 38f 2) Vernacular or bastarda "a" similar to our written or italic letter "s" + "f" are o fthe long variety 3) scholastic hands

flemish illumination - venter in 3 towns - Burges, Ghent + Antwerp (all present Belgium) - late in awakening - tis close was the close of the manuscript period - arose about about 1475 - continued to end quarter of the 16th C. fullest perfection under Simon Bening + his pupils (Hennessy Hours at Brussels) -objects as they were seen with his own eyes - a break with dmedieval traditions of conventional + purely decorative drawing. - landscape as the back ground of a miniature.

Flanders - the corresponing modern regions inclued the provinces of East + West Flanders in W. Belgium + the adjacent parts of N France + SW Netherlands

BV 173 D 28 P. 80 - 1972 JG Davies (Stanford Ref.) A. The mass 1) The sacramentary - the celebrants book. 2) antiphonal misarum - contained all the sung proportions of both the offices + the mass. The material to be used in celebrating the eucharist was called the antiphon missarum or graduale. Medieval + Roman Catholic 3) The lectionary - contained the apistles + gospels read at mass 4) The missal - a book which resulted from fusion of the above 3. B. The divine office 1) The psalter - a distribution of the psalms for liturgical use over a period of a week or according to feasts 2) The sntiphonal - Contained the antiphons + responds of the divine office *75 3) The hymnal - the collection of hymns used at the celebration of the office 4) The breviary (fusion of 1-3.)

Late in the 1st greater of the quarter of the 11th C, a stave of 3 or 4 lines (2 black, with yellow + with red) was invented + propagated by the Benedictine monk, Guido of Arezzo. Stave of 4 lines of the same color, either red or black were used in the early polyphonic settings where they were reserved for the Tenor, ie. The voice which sung the Gregorian melody. Shortly after the middle fo the 13th C. the stave was adapted in the liturgical books of the friars + in the origin of the modern stave. Neumes - derive from Greek accents + show the rise + fall in pitch of the melody. Neumes are found in manuscripts from the 8th to the 13th C, when they were replaced by stave notation. The attempts at expressing the intervals of a melody required that the neumes should be carefully placed + consequently,

that their shape be well defined. Thus the rather cursive strokes of the neumes were thickened at the hand + feet, so that the number + position of the notes became clearer. THus with the introduction of broader nibs the points became small squares. The ordinary 'neumatic' notation thus passed through the stage of 'point neum' notation to 'square' notation.

15th C English which = wach, wecha, wiche, quych, qwech, wheche.

Gradual - containing the Introits, Graduals (i.e. Psalms + Antiphons) Preceding the Gospels) Offertories, Communions etc set to music. It is to the Missal what the Antiphonary is to the Breviary. The Psalter illuminated was largely used before the 10+15 C. in a great measure superceeded, their contents being included in the Breviaries. The Breviary itself is nothing more than the form of recitation of the Psalter distributed throughout the one nocturoral + 7 daily Services arranged for th e7 days of the week with accompanying lessons, hymns, collects, antiphons, etc. for the most part varying with the season. The Book of Hours contains chiefly the Office of our Lady form the Breviary; with the addition of various prayers + other material.

Laws of the Stannarius of Cornwall, Made at the Convocation or Parliament of Tinners, at Trurd, Sept. 13, Anno 27^0 Ges. II.

Stannarius, mines from which tin bearing ore is dug. The most noted stannarius are those of Devon + Cornwall in England. Around the mines of these two countries there has arisen a body of law + customary usage peculiar to the localityy + not imitated or duplicated in any other mines in England. By early usage the perogative of the Crown was extended so as to cover these tin mines, athough elsewhere it reaches only to gold + silver. King Johan (?1167-1216), in a charter to the Tuniners, gave them the privilege of mining + working anywhere in the two countries + this was confirmed by subsequent monarchs, until Edward III (1312-1377) created his son Duke fo Cornwall with the stannaries as a perpetuity of the duchy. The Doke who is now always the Prince of Wales is represented by a warden + vice wardens. In former times representative assemblies of the Turiners (called parliaments) were summoned by the Warden for the regulation of the stannaries + redress of greviances: the last of them was held in 1752. The Stannary Courts are courts of record held by the warden + vice warden (of the same limited exclusive character as the courts - patatine) in wich the tuniners have the privilege of suing + being sued. They were remodeled + regulated by a series of acts of Parliament. Appeals from them are now taken to the Court of Appeals + finally to the House of Lords.

338.2 L 674 - George Randall Lewis - The Stannaries.

The House of Stuart * James I 1603-25 *Anne 1702-1714 * Charles I 1625-49 George I 1714-1727 Charles II 1660-85 * George II 1727-1760 son of *James II 1685-88 George III 1760-1820 grandson + William III 1689-1702 Marg 1689-1694 Seven Years' War 1755-1863 The Romans divided the day from sunrise to sunset into 12 sequel parts called hours. These were the common hours. Are there not 12 hours of the day? (John 11,9) They also (as did the Jews after the conquest) divided the day into 4 greater hours, + the night into 4 watches each of wich was of 3 common hours duration (6PM-9, 9-12, 12-3, 3-6) (6AM-9, 9-12, 12-3, 3-6)

Prophets - 22 books "former" Joshua, Judges, Samuel + Kings "letter" Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel + 12 minor prophets As a whole the prophetical books attempt to trace the history of the Hebrew nation from the time of the entrance into the land of Canaan to that of the Babylonian captivity, a period fo some 600 yrs. Ezekiel - emphasized individual responsibility.

Celtic - Insular Gadhelic or Erse - old Irish, Middle Irish, Modern Irish, Scottish, Gaelic, Manx Brythonic - Old Welsh, Middle Welsh, Modern Welsh, Cornish, Breton

Rosetta Stone 1) Classical Egyptian - hieroglyphies 2) Contempory Cursive writing called Demotic 3) Greek

C. Fairfax Murray Z240 M97 Ref. Hours - the composition of the volume + the main sequence of illustration in both manuscript + printed book followed a certain basic outline. I. Almanac II. Calendar III. Sequentise of the Gospels IV. Harmony of the Passion. V. Hours of the Virgin Mary A. Matins midnight or day break *E. Sext 6th hour of the day -noon (sunrise) 3AM B. Lauds Psalms of praise *F. Nones 4th hour or 3PM C. Prime 1st hour of the day 6AM G. Cespers late afternoon or evening 6PM *D. Tierae 3rd hour of the day 9AM H. Compline after the evening meal 9PM VI. Hours of the Cross VII " of " Holy Ghost VII Seven Penitential Psalms + Litany IX Office of the Dead X Suffrages to carious saints etc.

Aug 2 S. Stephen I Pope, M. at Rome AD 259 3 The finding of St. Stephen AD 415 - discovery by the priest Lucien of his relics at Kafer Gannula in Palestine in Dec 415 20 S. Philibert, Ab. of Jumieges + Noirmoutier cinc. AD. 687 born in Gascony - took the babit in the abbey of Rebris founded by Owen - founded a monastery at Jumiegis in 654 - founded a monastery later called Noir moutain on island of Herio on coast of Poitou. 24 S. Owen of Audoen, B. of Rouen AD 683 - b. at Sancy near Soissons - native of Saneyin in Brie - founded the Abbey of Rebais in the forest of Brie - 640 elected Archbishop of Rouen 25 S. Louis (IX), K. of France - AD 1270. b. at Poissy 1214 11 Taurirus - B. of Evreux in Normandy circe. 5th C. 28 S. Vivian, B. of Saintes - 5th C - a disciple of S. Ambrose of Saintes. 18. S. Inam, C. at Irvine, in Scotland; 9th C.