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D minor, with one flat.
G minor, with two flats,
C minor, with three flats.
F minor, with four flats.
Bb minor, with five flats.

The following are some of the principal Italian terms made use of to regulate the quicker or slower movements of time of a musical piece, and all the scholar is required to understand at present. Adagio, slow; Andante, moderately slow; Allegretto, rather lively; Allegro, cheerful and lively; Presto, quick; Prestissimo, very quick. The following are some of the principal Italian terms used to express the style in which a musical composition should be performed: Piano (abbreviated p) soft; Pianissimo (pp) very soft; Forte, (f) loud; Fortissimo, (ff) very loud; Crescendo (cres.) gradually increasing in strength; Decrescendo, (decres) gradually decreasing in power; Dolce, sweet or soft; Ad libitum, at pleasure; Affettuoso, tender and affecting; Arioso, in a light, airy singing manner; A tempo, in time; Brilliante, brilliant, gay; Cadence, ending strain; Calando, softer and slower; Cantabile, graceful singing style; Coda, an end or finish; Con Fuoco, with ardor; Con Spirito, with spirit; Coro, chorus; Grave, a slow and solemn movement; Gusto, with taste; Lentando, gradually slower and softer; Maestoso, majestic; Pastorale, applied to graceful movements in sextuple time; Pomposo, in a grand and imposing style; Primo, first, Rallentando, or Slentando, slower and softer by degrees; Mezzo middling, medium; Risoluto with resolution; Solo, for a single voice or instrument; Thema, subject or theme; Tutti, the whole, in full chorus. Sopra una corda, on one string. This mark, , is frequently used, and means the same as Crescendo; and this, , Decrescendo or Diminuendo; Sforzando or Sforzato, each signify a stress on one note; they are abbreviated fz or fx. This mark, >, when applied to one note, has the same effect as fz. Octava alta, (8va...) signifies that the music over which it is placed, is to be played an octave above where it is written, as far as the mark of continuation extends. Loco signifies that the music is to be played where it is written, no longer an octave.

Of Graces, Ornaments, or Embellishments.
The Appoggiatura is a small note placed before a large one, and takes its time from that note, and is generally half as long as the note before which it stands. Example:
When the appoggiatura is placed above the note, the interval may be either a tone or semitone; but when it is below the note, it it invariably a semitone; and always played quick, when marked thus . Example: