Farfel Notebook 01: Leaves 001-064

European papermaking [inserted] old kingdom of Valencia - town of Jativa - Moorish rules [end inserted] Spain 1144-1131 Italy 1276 France 1348? Troyes + Esson Germany 1390 [inserted] Stromer mill - Nuremberg. [end inserted] Switzerland 1411 Poland 1491 England 1494

1690 1st papermill in the Coloniesest. in Penn. by William Rittenhouse, a native of Germany

watermark - 1st "Company" 2nd WR Mass. (1st) 1728

- early paper was made of linen fibers

- the best grade of paper was a creamy tint. to the same extent as paper made in later years, owing to the limited demand for sheets of diverse dimensions & to the expense of production. For every size of paper - 2 moulds & one deckle were required.

- the paper used in the 42 line Bible is of the finest quality & in many ways its excellence has never been supposed. The watermark of the bunch of grapes is found in much of the Gutenberg Bible paper. (the bunch of grapes as a papermark may be of Swiss origin, it is possible that the paper used in the 1st printed Bible was fabricated in Gutenberg's native land.)

-Briquet Monts -hills, montagnes, ou collines - Les filigi. 11948 à 11955 et 11957 à 11763 où les trois monts portent bear dans l'un un trait arrow étoilé star shaped et dans l'autre un trait portant une fleur, sont tous italiens

Vol 3 P 589

"laid marks" - the closely spaced "wire lines" crossed at wider intervals by the heavier "chain lines." "deckle edge" - a feathery & slightly uneven edge

- Scarcely a single paper from the European sphere of culture was made in the middle ages without a watermark (as opposed to Chinese or Arabian) - the mould used by Oriental papermakers did not permit of the insertion of a design in the paper.

earliest watermark - Bulls Head - appeared in Italy about 1280. 5 of the earliest watermarks - from Brignit

Key 1243 Bologne

Greek Cross 1298 Gisa

fleur de lis 1295 Bologna

makers initials 1294 Bologna

1287 Torallo

folio -> watermark in the centre of the Icaf guanto -> " " " fold of the Icaf 8* -> again in the centre of the upper edge.

watermarks - indicators of nigin in the beginning - then by degree they seemed to have assumed the character also of a mark of quality.

paper of early printing period mainly of 2 sizes -

1) a large folio (90x50cm) - folded over once gave the large folio size of incumabula as seen in the Biblia of Adolf Rusch.

2) small folio - subject to greater variations - average size might be 50x30. From this size the majority of early folios were made.

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Wardrop - The Script of Humanism - Oxford 1963

p.4 revised caroline - called by the humanists - lettera antica - "the old writing"

p.7 By the middle of the 15th C, the humanistic lettera antica (or roman) had acquired, in the hands of professional copyists, a momentum of its own, soon to carry its influence throughout the Italian peninsula & beyond.

p.9 The last quarter of the 15th C was the heyday of the richly illuminated manuscript - that perfect coalition of art & learning.

p.11 The business of humanism - was largely conducted in the cursive variant of the lettera antica, the variant later to win permanence through the typographical initiative of Aldus Manutius, under the familiar name of Italic.

p.12 italic a) italic is roman written quickly nigins 3) simply the gothic cursive under humanistic influence; that there was an italic before there was a roman; and that there would have been an italic even had there been no roman.

p.35 who supplied or inspired the design for the italic types which Francesco Raibolini cut for Aldus Manutius in 1501? - ?? Bartolomco Sanvito of Padua (1435-1518)

p.36 humanistic cursive - from a script for special purposes it turned into a script for general purposes. The metamorphosis impaled it in 2 directions. First, the script made headway as a bookhand; then, it became the chosen medium of polite correspondence.

p.38 ascenders - instead of being seriffed they are kerned i.e. they terminate not in a bracket attached to the left of the shaft, but in a turn to the right, crowned [with] a tiny point (d) This mode,

Like the Gothic + Roman alphabets, the 3rd great family of Types had its origins in the writings of the scribes. The italic + the Gothic Schwabacher, which serves as a kind of italic to Franktur (as black letter 's known in Germany) both had their genesis in the fast, informal, cursive letters developed by chancellory clerks to speed their work.

standard in the 16th C, begins to make its appearance in the last decade of the 15th. (its incidence marks the beginning of the 'modern' era of writing.)

p.39 From 1480 onwards an increasing number of books were written in the humanistic cursive or italic; and by 1500 it had effectively displaced the antica or roman. It became difficult to find scribes who could write antica well - due to the spread of printing & the decline of patronage.

p.40 - with the 16th C. the script of humanism became 'Everyman's craft.' - The medium of polite correspondence

- cancellaresca corsiva or letters de brevi: chancery cursive, or brief script. (Tagliente, Arrighi, Scalzini)

p.42 to Rome belongs at best half the credit for the diffusion throughout Christendom at the humanistic cursive by means of the papal brief (Leo X 1512-21)

- Lastly it was Lodovico, called Vicentino, Arrighi's (1522-Operina) part to confer upon the script the permanence & the ubiquity of print.

[Inserted] Chancery script is by definition, the writing, not necessarily numanistic, or cursive, used in a chancery [end insertd] - Chancery - that dept. or office of an administrative or legislative body concerned to the dispatch, & to some extent also to the receipt & filling og letters. There were chanceries all over Italy. A brief is a special kind of papal letter whose origin has been traced to the ponlificate of Boniface IX (1389-1404) In 1522 papal briefs were being written, in common to the then established usage of other chanceries, in a variant of the humanistic cursive or italic, hence the name chancery cursive.

- printing which killed writing as a trade, favored its development as an art.

p.38 "that clement which Mr. Hewitt (Handwriting, London, 1938 p96) judged to be the basis of a trace cursive - a systematic running line-"