Research Material for Speech- "The Broken Promise of 'Brown v Board of Education' ", 2004

Brown at 50 Chronology Page 4 of 7

Date	Event
1936	Pearson v. Murray, 182 A. 590 (Md. 1936): Maryland Court of Appeals holds that University of Maryland law school must grant admission to African Americans (Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall win the case against school that had refused admission to Marshall)
1938	Missouri ex rel Gaines v. Canada, 305 U.S. 337 (1938): Missouri must offer African-Americans substantially equal legal education which in effect requires admission to Missouri's all white law school
1940	NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund established under leadership of Thurgood Marshall
1941	Executive Order 8802, Pres. Roosevelt bars segregation by defense contractors
1948	Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Oklahoma, 332 U.S. 631 (1948): State law schools cannot discriminate against African Americans
1948	Shelley v. Kramer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948): Racial restrictive covenants in private housing violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
1948	Perez v. Lippod (aka Perez v. Sharp), 32 Cal. 2d 711, 198 P.2d 17 (1948): California's ban on interracial marriage violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
1948	United Nations adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1950	McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 339 U.S. 637 (1950); Student in graduate school of education must be treated equally; cannot have separate assigned seating in classrooms, library, etc.
1950	Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950): Legal education cannot be separate and equal so African American must be admitted to University of Texas law school; the separate law school was not equal
1954	Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (Brown I): Plessy overturned; separate-but-equal violates the 14th Amendment guarantee of Equal Protection
1951	Brown b. Board of Education, case decided in lower court in Arkansas which became the lead case in the four cases consolidated for appeal in Brown I
1952	Briggs v. Elliot, South Carolina case, one of the four cases consolidated for appeal in Brown I
1952	Davis v. County School Board or Prince Edward County Virginia, Virginia case, one of the four cases consolidated for appeal in Brown I
1952	Gebhart v. Belton, Delaware case, one of the four cases consolidated for appeal in Brown I
1954	Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)(Brown I): Plessy overturned; separate-but-equal violates the 14th Amendment guarantee of Equal Protection

[in the margins next to '1954'] here

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Brown at 50 Chronology Page 5 of 7

Date	Event
1954	Bolling v. Sharpe 347 U.S. 497 (1954): separate-but-equal violates the Fifth Amendment guarantee of due process; consolidated with Brown for remedial issues (Brown II)
1955	Brown v. Board of Education, 349 U.S. 294 (1955) (BrownII): desegregation to proceed with "all deliberate speed"
1955	Emmett Till lynched
1955-56	Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott; Martin Luther King Jr. emerges as a leader
1957	President Eisenhower orders National Guard to Little Rock, Arkansas, to escort nine black students to Central H.S. to enforce Brown
1958	Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958): reaffirms Brown as the law of the land nationwide and explicitly state the duty of state office holders to follow it
1959	Prince Edward County, Virginia, closes all of its public schools rather than desegregate them
1960	Sit-ins at segregated lunch counters
1960	Boynton v. Virginia, 365 U.S. 454 (1960): African American has a federal statutory right to be served without discrimination at a restaurant located in an interstate bus terminal.
1961	Freedom Rides to integrate Southern bus terminals
1962	Forcible integration of Ole Miss
1963	Brimingham campaign to end segregation leads to police riots
1964	to hereGriffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 377 U.S. 218 (1964): The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits appropriating public money to support private, segregated education
1964	Civil Rights Act of 1964 bans discrimination in voting, places of public accommodation, schools, and employment
1965	Voting Rights Act / Elem. & Second. Educ. Act - w/hold from seg sch.
1967	Thurgood Marshall appointed to the Supreme Court
1968	Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated
1968	Fair Housing Act banning discrimination in housing
1968	*Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (Va.), 391 U.S. 430 (1968): mandating elimination of vestiges of segregation "root and branch."
1971	Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 (1971): Busing to achieve desegregation is permitted by the Supreme Court
1974	* Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974): (Milliken I: Interdistrict (urban v suburban) desegregation plans are not constitutional
1976	Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 299 (1976): Equal Protection Clause limited to intentional discrimination

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Brown at 50 Chronology Page 6 of 7

Date	Event
	intentional discrimination
1977	Milliken v. Bradley 433 U.S. 267 (1977) (Milliken II): State can be required to fund desgregation plans
1978	Bakke v. Regents of the University of California, 438 U.S. 265 (1978): affirmative action -- schools can take race into account in admissions, but cannot use quotas
1980	Fullilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448 (1980): Supreme Court upholds an affirmative action program for federal contractors (Westlaw pdf)
1986	Riddick v. School Board of the City of Norfolk, Va. 784 F.2d 521 (4th Cir. 1986): school district declared desegregated and reverts to local control with elimination of desegregation plan (Westlaw pdf)
1988	Kadrmas v. dickinson Public Schools, 487 U.S. 450 (1988): Supreme Court reaffirms that education is not a fundamental right under the United States Constitution (Westlaw pdf)
1991	Clarence Thomas is the second African American to be appointed to the United States Supreme Court
1992	US v. Fordice, 505 U.S. 717 (1992): Supreme Court requires Mississippi to dismantle its contining dual system of colleges and universities (Westlaw pdf)
1995	Missouri v. Jenkins, 515 U.S. 70 (1995) (Jenkins II); limits ability of urban schools to attract suburban school students (Westlaw pdf)
1995	Adarand Constructors v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995): Supreme Court holds that strict scrutiny must be applied to all racial classifications by the federal government, both "benign" and invidious." (Westlaw pdf)
1996	Hopwood v. Texas, 78 F.3d 932 (5th Cir. 1996): Fifth Circuit rules affirmative action plan in Texas universities unconstitutional; Supreme Court refuses to review the case. (Westlaw pdf)
1996	California adopts Proposition 209 banning all forms of affirmative action
1997	Ninth Circuit affirms constitutionality of Proposition 209; S. Ct. declines to hear the case
1999	30 years of court-supervised desegregation ends in Charlotte-Mecklenburg school district
2003	Grutter v. Bollinger (pdf), 2003 WL 21433492, 91 Fair Emp. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1761, 2003 Daily Journal D.A.R. 6800, U.S., Jun 23, 2003: Supreme Court upholds Michigan University Law School affirmative action program based on race as part of overall purpose of obtaining a diverse student body and where selection is individualized, but takes race into accouint.
2003	Gratz v. Bollinger (pdf), 2003 WL 21434002, 91 Fair Emp. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1803, 2003 Daily Journal D.A.R. 6783, U.S., Jun 23, 2003: Supreme overtuns University of Michigan undergraduate affirmative action program based on race in which points were added to a composite score based solely on race without individualized assessment.

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Brown at 50 Chronology Page 7 of 7

	on race without individualized assessment.

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judicial reactionism "strangled in intancy" the E.P.Cl. after Civi War, Brown, + aa (quote from Powell in Bekke)

ca # diversity. (Am?ice hav tew a multiracial [unclear] from Alexander Hamilton to Essis Mae Washington - U. Viam - all NYT)

White supremacy has her replaced by white privigle - the privilge of not having to think about race on a daily basis; of not having his intelligence questioned by best selling books, of not being [illegible] as suspicious while driving, shopping, or attending the University of Michigan. [..] Tim Wise, "White Swim in Racial Preference, " Atteer Net (2-20-03).

see Jack Bess piece - south judges

space v. race initiatives

non partisan doesn't meet non-critical we don't have to criticize-W. P. O'Neill, K. Phillips, War College, [illegible] & List

2004 - noteable for cuniverseries - pest & for election - future

Marshal: Brown = Majha Carla of Blk Amer.