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the advantage to underqualified minority applicants because of their skin color, the programs do seem to reek of "reverse discrimination." But try this description: "a certain number of minority students are admitted each year because their life experience as members of minorities in this country makes them better qualified than white applicants to meet the important university goal of training doctors to work in minority neighborhoods."*

The principle of goals and preferential treatment is well established. In Carter v. Gallagher, (452 F. 2nd, 315 8th Cin. 1971)), a federal court, finding the Minneapolis Fire Department had discriminated against minorities, ordered the department to hire one minority person of every three who qualified until at least twenty minority workers had been hired.

Similar goals have been ordered in numerous other cases, and in Rios v. Steamfitters Local 638 (501 F.2d at 631-32), the court states: "Affirmative action is essential . . . to place

*The Bakke Case: Are Racial Quotas Defensible?, by Charles Lawrence III, Saturday Review, 10/15/77.