407

HISTORICAL ANNOTATION 1035

private estates and in domestic households. All emancipated serfs were granted the
full rights of citizens, including the ability to marry, own property, and own and oper-ate businesses. Serfs owned by wealthy landlords were given allotments of land,
while household serfs were not. State-owned serfs remained in bondage until 1866.
Bruce F. Adams, "The Emancipation of the Russian Serfs, 1861," in Events That
Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Frank W. Thackeray and John E.
Findling (Westport, Conn., 1996), 93-111; N. M. Druzhinin, "The Emancipation
Legislation," in Emancipation of the Russian Serfs, ed. Terence Emmons (New York,
1963), 19-25.

478.8-11 Jews ... in all countries] Full Jewish emancipation was achieved during
the mid-nineteenth century in most countries except tsarist Russia. In uneven develop-ments throughout Western and Central Europe between 1830 and 1880, Jews were no
longer restricted in rights of residence, real estate acquisition, and choice of profes-sion. Hilary L. Rubinstein et al., The Jews in the Modern World: A History since 1750
(London, 2002), 14-44.

478.30 You cannot make an empty sack stand on end] Variants of this aphorism,
which has seventeenth-century Italian antecedents. appeared in Benjamin Franklin's
Poor Richard's Almanac in 1740, 1750, and 1758. Leonard W. Labaree, ed., The
Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 39 vols. (1959--), 2:248, 3:446, 7:348.

479.25 We shall reap as we sow] Douglass paraphrases Gal. 6:7.

480.1-2 colored schools in ... the white schools] The city's first black public
school was established in 1864, and by 1868 all Washington districts except the fifth
contained respectably furnished schools for African American children. Teacher per-formance at these schools had heen deemed more than satisfactory. Blacks partici-pated energetically in the development and growth of the school system, which was
in most respects structurally equivalent to the public school system serving whites.
Henry Barnard, Special Report of the Commissioner of Education on the Condition
and Improvement of the Public Schools in the District of Columbia, Submitted to the
Senate, June 1868, and to the House, with Additions, June 13, 1870 (Washington,
D.C., 1871), 274-76; Emmett D. Preston, Jr., "The Development of Negro Education
in the District of Columbia," Journal of Negro Education, 9:601-03 (October 1940).

480.7 bull-dozer's whip] A bull-dose, or bull-doze, was a severe flogging or
forceful coercion. Later the word was used for a heavy pistol or for one who used such
a weapon. During Reconstruction the term "Bulldozers" was one of a number of the
nicknames applied to terrorist groups aiming at the violent overthrow of Republican
state governments in the South. Roller and Twyman, Encyclopedia of Southern
History, 159; Mathews, Dictionary of Americanisms, 1:461-62.

480.12-14 To-day the negro ... millions in Louisiana] The figure for Georgia can
he verified: state records in 1879 listed the aggregate taxed property of blacks as
$5,182,398. Report of the Comptroller General of Georgia, 153-57.

481.4 On the day ... James A. Garfield] President James A. Garfield was interred
at Cleveland's Lake View Cemetery on 26 Septemher 1881. He had been shot on the

HISTORICAL ANNOTATION

1035

private estates and in domestic households. All emancipated serfs were granted the
full rights of citizens, including the ability to marry, own property, and own and operate
businesses. Serfs owned by wealthy landlords were given allotments of land,
while household serfs were not. State-owned serfs remained in bondage until 1866.
Bruce F. Adams, "The Emancipation of the Russian Serfs, 1861," in Events That
Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Frank W. Thackeray and John E.
Findling (Westport, Conn., 1996), 93-111; N. M. Druzhinin, "The Emancipation
Legislation," in Emancipation of the Russian Serfs, ed. Terence Emmons (New York,
1963), 19-25.
478.8-11
Jews ... in all countries] Full Jewish emancipation was achieved during
the mid-nineteenth century in most countries except tsarist Russia. In uneven developments
throughout Western and Central Europe between 1830 and 1880, Jews were no
longer restricted in rights of residence, real estate acquisition, and choice of profession.
Hilary L. Rubinstein et al., The Jews in the Modern World: A History since 1750
(London, 2002), 14-44.
478.30
You cannot make an empty sack stand on end] Variants of this aphorism,
which has seventeenth-century Italian antecedents. appeared in Benjamin Franklin's
Poor Richard's Almanac in 1740, 1750, and 1758. Leonard W. Labaree, ed., The
Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 39 vols. (1959--), 2:248, 3:446, 7:348.
479.25
We shall reap as we sow] Douglass paraphrases Gal. 6:7.
480.1-2
colored schools in ... the white schools] The city's first black public
school was established in 1864, and by 1868 all Washington districts except the fifth
contained respectably furnished schools for African American children. Teacher performance
at these schools had heen deemed more than satisfactory. Blacks participated
energetically in the development and growth of the school system, which was
in most respects structurally equivalent to the public school system serving whites.
Henry Barnard, Special Report of the Commissioner of Education on the Condition
and Improvement of the Public Schools in the District of Columbia, Submitted to the
Senate, June 1868, and to the House, with Additions, June 13, 1870 (Washington,
D.C., 1871), 274-76; Emmett D. Preston, Jr., "The Development of Negro Education
in the District of Columbia," Journal of Negro Education, 9:601-03 (October 1940).
480.7
bull-dozer's whip] A bull-dose, or bull-doze, was a severe flogging or
forceful coercion. Later the word was used for a heavy pistol or for one who used such
a weapon. During Reconstruction the term "Bulldozers" was one of a number of the
nicknames applied to terrorist groups aiming at the violent overthrow of Republican
state governments in the South. Roller and Twyman, Encyclopedia of Southern
History, 159; Mathews, Dictionary of Americanisms, 1:461-62.
480.12-14
To-day the negro ... millions in Louisiana] The figure for Georgia can
he verified: state records in 1879 listed the aggregate taxed property of blacks as
$5,182,398. Report of the Comptroller General of Georgia, 153-57.
481.4
On the day ... James A. Garfield] President James A. Garfield was interred
at Cleveland's Lake View Cemetery on 26 Septemher 1881. He had been shot on the