19

HISTORICAL ANNOTATION 647

103-05, 123-24; Jeanne Halgren KiIde, When Church Became Theater: The
Transformation of Evangelical Architecture and Worship in Nineteenth-Century
America (New York, 2002), 138, 257n; Donald C. King, The Theatres of Boston: A
Stage and Screen History (Jefferson, N.C., 2005), 15, 22-24, 28-29, 39, 67, 105.
9.11 the mayor] Frederick Walker Lincoln, Jr. ( 1817-98), served as mayor of
Boston from 1858 to 1860 and again from 1863 to 1866. Lincoln had been apprenticed
at age thirteen to a maker of mathematical instruments and later became successful
in a number of business fields. He served in the state legislature in 1847 and 1848
and in the Massachusetts constitutional convention of 1853. Lincoln was elected
mayor by nonpartisan conservative coalitions and gained a reputation for efficient
administration of the city's finances. Justin Winsor and Clarence F. Jewett, eds., The
Memorial History of Boston, Including Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 1630-1880, 4
vols. (Boston, 1880-81), 3:262-73; Albert P. Langtry, ed., Metropolitan Boston: A
Modern History, 5 vols. (New York, 1929), 1:231-32.
9.17 their leader, a rich banker] The "gentlemen's mob...of the 'DOLLAR
STAMP,"'as Douglass labeled it, quickly seized control of the Tremont Temple meeting.
Over the loud protests of Douglass and other abolitionists the meeting elected
either Richard Sullivan Fay (1806-65) or James Murray Howe (?-c. 1872) as chair,
or perhaps both men as cochairmen, of the proceedings. Son of a prominent
Massachusetts Judge, Fay had attended Harvard and briefly practiced law in Boston.
After residing in England as a gentleman farmer from 1848 to 1853, Fay returned to
Massachusetts and bought a large estate near Lynn, where he conducted experiments
in forestry and animal husbandry. In 1860 he was an unsuccessful candidate for
Congress on the Constitutional Union party ticket. Better fitting Ruffin 's description
was Howe, a businessman from Brookline, Massachusetts, and the unsuccessful
Democratic candidate for the Massachusetts General Court in 1860. During the Civil
War he recruited Brookline men for the Union army. Howe established a brokerage
firm in Boston after the war. D. Hamilton Hurd, comp., History of Essex County,
Massachusetts, with Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent
Men, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1888), 1:353-54; James R. Newhall, History of Lynn,
Essex County, Massachusetts: Including Lynnfield, Saugus, Swampscott, and Nahant,
2 vols. (1890; Lynn, Mass., 1897), 2:19- 20; Harriet F. Woods, Historical Sketches of
Brookline, Mass. (Boston, 1874), 417; Charles Knowles Bolton, Brookline: the
History of a Favored Town (Brookline, Mass., 1897), 60, 73, 128; John Gould Curtis,
History of the Town of Brookline, Massachusetts: A Memorial to Edward W. Baker
(Boston, 1933), 266, 268.
9.26 Toussaint L'Ouverture] Born to a literate slave father, François Dominique
Toussaint L'Ouverture (c. 1744-1803) was raised near Le Cap in the North Province
of St. Domingo, which later became Haiti. Like his father, he learned to read while
growing up as a slave on the plantation. When the slaves of St. Domingo revolted,
L'Ouverture emerged as a capable military leader, commanding an army of 55,000
men to victory over the combined forces of England, France, and Spain in 1794. This