farfel_n01_175_064

Italian + Spanish parchments tend to be somewhat lighter in color
+ thinner that French + German which are usually darker +
heavier. much English parchment has a velvety surface textur.

parchment - ordinary quality of skin - sheep + goats
vellum - finer quality - calf, kid or lamb
(Latin) caudex (later codex) - 'from the bark of a tree' - book
construction in leaves as opposed to the roll form
(papyrus, leather)
gatherings or quires (sheet of 4 sheets fold once - 8 leaves
or a quire (16 pages) - usual practice - to number or
sign each quire at the end of the leaf (or sometimes
at the beginning)
(Latin) Penna - 'father' pen - quill - reed - metal

manuscript - hand written
balck letter - Fraktur, Gothic, old english, text
miniatures - Latin (minium - red led)
illuminations (lumen - light) - "golden books"

the normal arrangement of a Latin guaternion would be:
page side ruling
1 hair ridyes
2-3 flesh furrows
4-5 hair ridges
6-7 flesh etc until furrows
16 hair ridges

editions of the Vulgate by the end at the 15th C - Hain lists 109
- apart from Mainz itself, 14 came from Niunberg, 13
from Strassburg, 7 from Cologne, 2 from Speyer, 1 from
Ulm + 17 from Basle. Venice produced 17, + after the
late 1479's Lyons produced 9. Paris produced only one, but
became a leading centre in the next century.
The 1st book fo a living author printed
Johannes Brunner's Grammathica Rythmicaschool master + editor at Peter Schoeffer prss
1467 - Peter Schoeffer