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States where most black people lived then were spending twice as much to educate white children as they spent for black ones. They paid four times as much for white school plants, paid white teacher salaries 30% higher, spent $42 million dollars bussing white children to school and only $1 million for black ones. The percentage of whites finishing high school was four times that for blacks. The southern states were spending $86 millions of tax dollars on white colleges and only $5 million on black ones. There was not a single institution in the South where a black student could receive a Ph.D.

It was not until 1968 that the number of minorities--Blacks, native Americans, Mexican Americans, mainland Puerto Ricans--accepted into M.D. programs climbed past 200 a year. In all the years of medical education in the United States, never before had 200 students of color been admitted at any one time into the country's medical schools.