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imbalance between white and non-white physicians in California and the United States.

Because non-white students, as a class, do less well on standardized tests than white students do, any admissions policy which does not consider race will result in nearly all-white student bodies in American medical schools.

When the special admissions program was begun at UC Davis in 1970, blacks were 2. 6 of all medical school enrollments, the same proportion as in 1950, twenty years earlier, in fact, since the black population has increased faster than the number of black physicians, there were actually fewer black doctors per thousand in 1970 than there were in 1948.

At the end of the 1960s, most American medical schools began special efforts to attract minority students. The need for such programs was evident.

In 1945, five years after Alan Bakke was born, the southern