Essay on the botany of the North Island of New Zealand

11 Arenaria media; Carmichaelia pilosa; Epilobium tenuipes; Gunnera prorepens; Myrtus (2), obcordatus and Ralphii; Tillaea purpurata; Tetragonia trigyna; Pozoa trifoliolata; Eryngium vesiculosum; Crantzia lineata; Aciphylla (2), squarrosa and Colensoi; Angelica Gingidium; Coprosma petiolata; Nertera setulosa; Olearia (2), virgata, and Forsteri; Leptinella pusillum; Senecio Greyii; Calystegia marginata; Mimulus radicans; Utricularia Novae-Zelandiae; Plantago spathulata; Atriplex cinerea; Urtica (2), Australis and ferox; Ascarina lucida; Prasophyllum nudum; Apera arundinacea; Agrostis parviflora; Danthonia bromoides; Adiantum formosum; Aspidium oculatum; Gymnogramme rutaefolia; Grammitis rufus-villosa; Riccia fluitans; and Parmelia (2), perforata, and chrysopthalma.

12. In further endeavouring to show the distribution of the Plants of the North Island by zones surrounding the same, the more notworthy and stable genera and species alone will be noticed. These will be divided into eight zones, as follow:-

i. Maritime and littoral. ii. Coast, mostly within a few yards above high water mark. iii. Lowland - from the Coast to an altitude of 500 feet. iv. Midland, - from 500 to 1500 feet altitude. v. Upland, - from 1500 to 2500 feet altitude vi. Mountainous, - from 2500 to 3500 feet altitude. vii. Sub-Alpine, - from 3500 to 4500 feet altitude. viii. Alpine, - from 4500 to snow line.

(i.) The maritime and littoral zone contains Myosurus aristatus; Ranunculus acaulis; Lepidium (2), oleraceum and incisum; Plagianthus divaricatus; Fuchsia procumbens; Metrosideros tomentosa (c.); Mesembryanthemum australe; Tetragonia (2), expansa and trigyna; Apium (2), filiforme, and australe; Coprosma (2), retusa, and petiolata; Senecio lautus; Goodenia repens; Calystegia soldanella; Avicennia officinalis; Myoporum laetum; Samolus littoralis; Plantago spathulata; Chenopodium sp.; Atriplex sp.; Salicornia indica; Euphorbia glauca; Desmo- schoenus spiralis; Leptocarpus simplex; Carex littorea; and Spinifex hirsutus.

12 (ii.) The Coast zone contains: Hymenanthera crassifolia; Pittosporum crassifolium; Hibiscus Trionum; Entelea arborescens, Discaria Toumatou, Corynocarpus lavigata (d); Gunnera prorepens; Sicyos angulatus; Eryngium vesiculosum; Meryta Sinclairii; Coprosma acerosa; Cassinia retorta; Senecio (2), Greyii and Colensoi; Colensoa physaloides; Pratia perpusilla; Sapota costata; Dichondra repens; Mimulus repens; Veronica (4), macroura, speciosa, parviflora, and diosmaefolia; Pisonia Brunoniana; Muhlenbeckia ephedroides; Suaeda maritima; Pimelea arenaria; Piper excelsum; Peperomia Urvilleana; Triglochin flaccidum; Arthropodium cirrhatum; Bromus arenarius; Triticum scabrum; and Parmelia chrysopthalma.

(iii.) The Lowland zone, from the coast to an altitude of about 500 feet, contains: Clematis hexasepala; Ranunculus (4), plebeius, hirtus, incisus, and rivularis; Drosera (2), pygmaea, and auriculta; Pittosporum umbellatum; Plagianthus betulinus; Linum monogynum; Hoheria populnea; Aristotelia racemosa; Alectryon excelsum; Dodonaea viscosa; Dysoxylum spectabile; Melicope ternata; Clianthus puniceus; Carmichaelia (2), australis, and juncea; Metrosideros (3), florida; hypericifolia, and scandens; Myrtus (3), bullata, obcordata, Ralphii; Carpdetus serratus; Quintinia serrata; Ackama rosaefolia; Weinmannia sylvicola; Angelica (2), gingidium, and rosaefolia; Daucus brachiatus; Panax arborea; Aralia Lessonii; Schaefflera digitata; Corokia (2), buddleoides, and Cotoneaster; Loranthus tetrapetalus; Tupeia antarctica; Coprosma (5), lucida, tenuicaulis, rhamnoides, divaricata and propinqua; Calceolaria Sinclairii; Tetranthera calicaris; Cassytha paniculata; Hedycarya dentata; Pimelea (4), longifolia, virgata, prostrata, and Urvilleana; Elatostemma rugosum; Ascarina lucida; Podocarpus dacrydioides; Freycineiia Banskii; Hypoxis hygrometrica; Loxsoma Cunninghamii; Adiantum (2), aethiopicum, and fulvum; Lomaria (3), lanceolata, Banksii, and Fraseri; Asplenium (3), flabellifolium, obtusatum, and bulbiferum; Doodia caudata; Nephrodium (2), decompositum, and squamulosum; Polypodium sylvatium; Gymnogramme (2), rutaefolia, and leptophylla; Schizaea (2), bifida and dichotoma; Leptopteris hymenophylloides; Marattia salicina; Phylloglossum Drummondii; Lycopodium (4), Billardieri, densum, laterale, and volubile; and Psilotum triquetrum.

(iv.) The Midland zone, embracing an altitude of from 500 to 1500 feet, contains: Ranunculus (2), multiscapaus, and macropus; Drosera spathulata; Pittosporum (2), tenuifolium, and eugenioides; Elaeocarpus C

13 (2), dentatus, and Hookerianus; Pennantia corymbosa; Carmichaelia (2), odorata, and pilosa; Metrosideros (2), Colensoi, and robusta; Myrtus pedunculata; Weinmannia racemosa; Ixerba brexioides; Panax (2), anomala, and Edgleyi; Alseuosmia sp.; Coprosma (2), grandifolia, and robusta; Olea (2), Cunninghamii, and lanceolata; Senecio (2), lagopus, and glastifolius; Leucopogon fasciculatus; Rhabdothamnus Solandri; Ourisia macrophylla; Nesodaphne Tarairi; Knightia excelsa; Persoonia Toro; Santalum Cunninghamii; Epicarpurus microphyllus; Fagus Solandri; Libocedrus Doniana; Hymenophyllum (4), dilatatum, crispatum, flabellatum, and aeruginosum; Trichomanes Colensoi; Davallia Novae-Zelandiae; Adiantum formosum; Pteris vespertilionis; Lomaria (4), fluviatilis, vulcanica, elongata, and nigra; Asplenium Trichmanes; and Polystichum coriaceum.

(v.) The Upland zone, embracing an altitutde of from 1500 to 2500 feet, contains: Ranunculus geraniifolius; Drimys axillaris; Viola filicaulis; Melicytus micranthus: Drosera Arcturi; Pittosporum Colensoi: Aristotelia fruticosa; Geranium potentilloides; Carmichaelia flegelliformis; Acaena microphylla; Epilobium (2), glabellum, and melanocaulon; Metrosideros lucida: Coprosma (2), foetidissima, and pumila; Asperula perpusilla; Olearia Colensoi; Celmisia coriucea; Gnaphalium prostratum; Gaultheria (2), rupestris, and oppositifolia; Epacris alpina; Olea montana; Gentiana montana; Logania depressa Calceolaria repens; Veronica (2), laevis, and buxifolia; Exurrhena; saxosa; Anthericus Hookeri: Herpolirion Novae-Zelandiae; Calorophus minor; Uncinia (2), distans, and ferruginea; Poa laevis; Gymnostitchum gracile; Gleichenia dicarpa var. alpina; Cyathea Smithii; Alsophila Colensoi; Hymenophyllum (2), bivalve, and pulcherrimum; Lomaria (3), alpina, imbricata, and minor; Polystichum vestitum; and Lycopodium (2), varium and clavatum.

(vi.) The Mountainous zone, comprising an altitutde of from 2500 to 3500 feet, contains: Pittosporum rigidum; Coriaria thymifolia; Geranium brevicaule; Carmichaelia nana; Epilobium linnoeoides; Ligusticum aromaticum; Panax (2), simplex, and Colensoi: Oreomyrrhis Colensoi; Coprosma (2), microcarpa, and cuneata; Olearia dentata; Celmisia incana; Wahlenbergia saxicola; Gaultheria Colensoi; Cyathodes Colensoi; Myrsine montana; Gentiana pleurogynoides; Veronica diffusa; Pimelea Gnidia; Fagus Menziesii; Pterostylis foliata; Callixene parviflora; Cordyline indivisia; Schoenus (2) pauciflorus, and concinnus; Uncinia (2), divaricata, and rubra; Hierochloe alpina; Danthonia Cunninghamii; Hymenophyllum

14 unilaterale; Leptopteris superba; Lycopodium seariosum; and Andraea rupestris.

(vii.) The Sub-alpine zone, embracing an altitude of from 3500 to 4500 feet, contains: Caltha Novae-Zelandiae; Aciphylla Colensoi; Celmisia spectabilis; Forstera Bidwillii; Cyathodes empetrifolia; Pentachondra pumila; Myrsine nummularia; Veronica tetragona; Ourisia (2), caespitosa, and Colensoi; Euphrasia (2), antarctica, and revoluta; Plantago (2), unifolia and carnosa; Fagus Cliffortioides; Podocarpus nivalis; Dacrydium (2), Colensoi, and laxifolium; Phyllocladus alpinus; Caladenia bifolia; Astelia linearis; Cartha alpina; Carex acicularis; Uncinia filiformis; Agrostis (2), parviflora, var. perpusilla, and setifolia; and Usnea melaxantha.

(viii.) The Alpine zone, or area comprising an altitude of from 4500 feet to the line of permanent snow, contains: Ranunculus (2), insignis, and nivicola; Geum parviflorum; Abrotanella pusilla; Raoulia grandiflora; Gnaphalium (Helichrysum) Colensoi; Senecio (2), rotundifolius, and Bidwillii; Helophyllum Colensoi; Dracophyllum recurvum; Veronica nivalis: Drapetes Dieffenbachii; Alepyrum pallidum; Oreobolus pectinatus; Carex pyrenaica; Uncinia scabra; Ehrharta Colensoi; Catabrosa antarctica; and Stereocaulon Colensoi.

13. After all there are still several plants remaining unclassified, as to geographical distribution - habitat or altitude - not a few of which are among the most noble and useful of all our vegetable productions. These have hitherto not been classed as to area or zone, from their being more or less ubiquitous. The principal of them will therefore have now to be briefly considered in three separate divisions, viz., (i.) Plants common to the whole North Island; - (ii.) Plants (unenumerated as to area or zone) not found in the South parts of the Island; - and, (iii.) Plants (also unenumerated as to area or zone) not found in the North parts of the Island. -

(i.) Plants common to the whole North Island. - among these the following may be noticed:- Cardamine hirsuta, in all soils and situations, to the alt. of 2500 feet. Elaeocarpus dentatus; Aristotelia racemosa; Alectryon excelsum; Dodonaea viscosa; Pelargonium clandestinum, from the sea coast to 2000 feet; Oxalis corniculata, in all soils from the sea to 2000 feet; O. Magellanica, from 500 to 5000 feet; Edwardsia grandiflora, in all soils from the sea to 2500 feet; Coriaria ruscifolia, in all soils (but not in woods) from the sea to 3000 feet; Rubus australis, in all soils from the sea to 2500 feet; Acaena Sanguisorbae, in all soils from

15 the sea to 3000 feet; Fuschsia excorticata, from the coast to 2000 feet; Epilobium nummularifolium, and E rotundifolium, ascending to 3500 feet; E. alsinoides, junceum, and pubens, to 1000 feet; Leptospermum scoparium, in all soils from the sea to 3000 feet; Coprosma lucida, grandifolia, robusta, and tenuicaulis; Nertera depress; Brachyglottis repanda; Sonchus oleraceous, everywhere; Wahlenbergia gracilis, from the sea to 3000 feet; Gaultheria antipoda, from the coast to 3000 feet; Myrsine salicina, australis, and divaricata; Olea Cunninghamii; Parsonsia, sp.; Solanum aviculare, and nigrum, from the sea to 1500 feet; Veronica salicifolia, from the sea to 2500 feet; Mentha Cunninghamii ascending to 500 feet; Nesodaphne Tawa from 500 to 2000 feet; Atherosperma Novae-Zelandiae, from near the coast to 1500 feet; Hedycarya dentata, Knightia excelsa, Pimelea prostrata, and P. Urvilleana, from the coast to 1000 feet; Podocarpus ferruginea, from near the coast to 3000 feet; P. spicata, from 500 to 2500 feet; P. Totara, from the sea coast to 3000 feet; P. dacrydioides, from the coast to nearly 1000 feet; Dacrydium cupressinum, from 500 to 2500 feet; Phyllocladus trichomanoides, ascending to 3000 feet. The Orchideons genera, Earina, Dendrobium, Bolbophyllum, Thelymitra, Microtis, and Acianthus. Phormium tenax, and P. Colensoi, and their vars., in all soils and situations, from the coast to 4000 feet; Cordyline australis, in all soils and situations, from the coast to 3000 feet; Areca sapida, from 200 to 1500 feet; Rhipogonum parviflorum, in woods, from Coast to 2000 feet; Arundo conspicua, in all soils and situations from the coast to 2500 feet; Cyathea medullaris, and C. dealbata, from 200 to 2000 feet; Dicksonia squarrosa, from 500 to 1500 feet; Hymenophyllum multifidum, dilatatum, polyanthos, and demissum; Trichomanes reniforme, and T. Venosum; Pteris esculenta; in all soils not wholly wet, from the coast to 3000 feet; Lomaria procera, and its vars., in all soils and situations, from the coast to 4000 feet; Niphobolus rupestris; Botrychium Virginicum, in open lands, from the coast to 1600 feet; and Tmesipteris Forsteri, epiphytal, in forests from 300 to 2500 feet.

(ii.) Northern plants, occupying more than one area or zone, not found in the South parts of the Island. - among these, are, - Drosera binata, a Bay of Islands plant, has been very sparingly detected so far South as 39o 30', Dysoxylum spectabile, not uncommon from the Bay of Islands to the Thames, has also been detected as far south as the river Mohaka in Hawke's Bay; extreme altitude, 1000 feet. Metrosideros tomentosa, a littoral plant from the North Cape to Tolaga Bay, (c.) Alscuosmia, sp.