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Brown V. Board of Education Page 4 of 5

ownership for grand jurors and school board members.

1971 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education:
The Supreme Court upholds the use of busing as a means of desegregating public sc
Chambers, LDF's first intern and later its Director-Counsel, argues Swannbefore the

1973 Norwood v. Harrison:
The Supreme Court rules that States could not provide free textbooks to segregated
established to allow whites to avoid public school desegregation.

1973 Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver:
The Supreme Court establishes legal rules for governing school desegregation cases
holding that where deliberate segregation was shown to have affected a substantial p
system, the entire district must ordinarily be desegregated/

1973 Adams v. Richardson:
A federal appeals court approves a district court order requiring federal education offi
VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (which bars discrimination by recipients of federal funds
universities, public schools, and other institutions that receive federal money.

1974 Milliken v. Bradley:
The Supreme Court rules that, in almost all cases, a federal court cannot impose an i
between a city and its surrounding suburbs in order to integrate city schools.

1978 Bakke v. Regents of the University of California
The Supreme Court rules that schools can take race into account in admissions, but

1982 Against strong opposition from the White House and conservatives in Congress
Rights Act is renewed, with amendments to strengthen its effectiveness.

1982 Bob Jones University v. U.S; Goldboro Christian Schools v. U.S.:
The Supreme Court appoints LDF Board Chair William T. Coleman, Jr. as "Friend of t
his argument against granting tax exemptions to religious schools that discriminate.

1984 Geier v. Alexander:
As part of a settlement of a case requiring desegregation of its public higher education
agrees to identify 75 promising black sophomores each year and prepare them for lat
state's graduate and professional schools. A federal court of appeals approves this se
despite opposition from the Reagan Administration.

1984 Julius L. Chambers is named LDF's Director-Counsel.

1991 LDF plays a key role in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1991, which resto
against job bias that had been weakened in the 1980s through adverse court decision

1993 Elaine R. Jones is named LDF's first female Director-Counsel.

1995 Missouri v. Jenkins:
The Supreme Court rules that some disparities, such as poor achievement among Afr
students, are beyond the authority of the federal courts to address. This decision rea
Court's desire to end federal court supervision and return control of schools to local a

1996 Sheff v. O'Neill:
In this LDF case, the Supreme court of Connecticut finds the State liable for maintain
isolation, and orders the legislative and executive branches to propose a remedy. LD
return to the Court in 2003 to force the legislative body to fulfill the Court's mandate.

http://ww.brownmatters.org/chrono_detailed.html 1/17/2004